ELISE - European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government glossary

Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements

Totality of characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs, in accordance with EN ISO 19101

Source: International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 19157:2013 - Geographic information — Data quality.…

Public bodies delivering or obtaining information for the purposes of a public task.

Sometime involves exchange of data.

Source: Janssen, K. (2010). The Availability of Spatial and Environmental Data in the European Union. Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-90-411-3287-1

ELISE Resources: INSPIRE Data and service sharing

Best practice domain relevant to the effective use of location information in policy and digital public services. The focus areas identified in the EULF Vision and adapted in the EULF Blueprint are: Policy and Strategy Alignment, Digital Government Integration, Standardisation and Reuse, Return on Investment, Governance, Partnerships and Capabilities.

Quantitative measurement of the performance / practice of an organisation or entity. In the context of the LIFO, the indicators evaluate the degree of alignment of the practices implemented by Member States to the EULF Blueprint recommendations. LIFO includes “primary indicators”, which are specifically created for the Observatory and are measured through direct questions to LIFO contact…

EULF location interoperability best practices in the EULF Blueprint focus areas. Each of the 19 EULF Blueprint recommendations, contains a description of the rationale for following the recommendation and the expected benefits (why?), a checklist of associated actions (how?), potential problem areas to address in implementing the recommendation (challenges), a variety of best practices across…

Use of information for commercial or non-commercial purposes outside the public task for which it was collected.

Often has an economic goal and involves manipulation or analysis.

ELISE Resources: INSPIRE Data and service sharing

Short term for referring to Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA). Term for a framework for intelligently controlling access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing usage, and providing the information necessary to bill for services.

Source: Authentication,…

An access management federation is a network of organizations that trust each other for the means of sharing protected resources among each other

Source: Open Geospatial Consortium (2012). Architecture of an Access Management Federation for Spatial Data and Services in Germany. OGC 12-026 White Paper. A. Matheus, Ed.

ELISE…

The processing of personal data in such a way that the data does no longer relate to an identified or identifiable natural person

Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free…

The developers, and the users of the application constructs they build through an API, either within a company or on the Internet with business partners, customers, citizens, etc.

ELISE Resources: Digital Government Benchmark - API study

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems that display intelligent behaviour by analysing their environment and taking actions – with some degree of autonomy – to achieve specific goals.

ELISE Resources: Study on Opportunities and Challenges of Collaboration for Geospatial Services

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities including visual, audio …

Source: Huffington Post (…

A base register, also called an authentic source, is a trusted source of information under the control of an appointed public administration or organisation appointed by government. Base registers contain master data on entities such as persons, companies, vehicles, licences, buildings, locations or roads.

Blockchain technology allows two actors in the system (called nodes) to transact in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and stores these transactions in a distributed way across the network.

Sources: Back, S. A., Corallo, M., Dashjr, L., Friedenbach, M., Maxwell, G., Miller, A., Poelstra, A., Timón, J. and Wuille, P. (2014). Enabling Blockchain…

A business design structure that guides an organisation in creating and retaining value.

ELISE Resource: Digital Platform for public services

A business process is defined as the way in which organisations create products, services and policies. It is a succession of interconnected activities that, starting from an identifiable input, result in a defined output in the form of a product or service.

Is defined as the process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organizations and communities need to survive, adapt, and thrive in a fast-changing world

Source:  United Nations (2021). Academic Impact

ELISE Resource: Towards a semantic-based…

According to Yin (2008), case studies can be used to explain, describe or explore events or phenomena in the everyday contexts in which they occur. These can help to understand and explain causal links and pathways resulting from the adoption of location information and technologies to improve local public services.

Source: Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and…

Collaborative development of new and innovative products, services, solutions by a number of users and stakeholders

Collaborative design

ELISE Resources: EULF Blueprint

A Context Broker enables organisations to manage and share data in real time.

Core reference dataset can be defined as the minimum set of authoritative, harmonised and homogeneous framework data needed to either meet common requirements for applications at cross-border, European and global levels or to geo-reference and locate other thematic data. In the latter case, core data may be used as a framework on which other richer, more detailed, thematic geospatial and…

A Core Vocabulary is a simplified, reusable, and extensible data model that captures the fundamental characteristics of an entity in a context-neutral way (ISO, 2014). 

Source: European Commission (2014)

ELISE Resource: Architectures and Standards…

Data harmonisation is the process of modifying / fine‐tuning semantics and data structure to facilitate compliance with agreements (specifications, standards or legal acts) across borders and / or user communities

Source: European Commision (2013). INSPIRE - D2.5: Generic Conceptual Model,…

Is the process to go from published raw data to interlinked semantic data, practice to the RDF format.

Source: Pan J., Vetere G., Gomez-Perez J., Wu H. (eds) Exploiting Linked Data and Knowledge Graphs in Large Organisations. Springer, Cham.

ELISE Resources: …

The ability to examine multiple measures and multiple levels of data, to consider the research, and to draw sound inferences

Source: Love, N. (2004). Taking data to new depths. National Staff Development Council JSD, 25(4), 22–26

ELISE Resources: …

Is a platform where users buy (obtain) or sell (provide) different types of data sets and data streams from several sources.

Data marketplaces are mostly cloud services where individuals or businesses upload data to the cloud. Those platforms enable self-service data access while ensuring security, consistency and high quality of data for both parties.

Source: …

A visual representation and organisation of elements of data and the connections between them. In the context of the geospatial domain, the elements refer to objects that exist in the real world and are represented as geospatial objects in the data model

ELISE Resources: Lessons learned from the ELISE Action. Where next?

Is about the protection of data against loss, leakage or unauthorized access. It covers aspects such as secure access mechanisms (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting), treatment of (privacy) sensitive data and more.

ELISE Resources: Lessons learned from the ELISE Action. Where next?

The entity responsible for producing and/or making the dataset available.

In the report data provider/data holder are treated as synonyms even if we are aware that some distinctions could be done.

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

Taking a data asset and using more than once for the same purpose

Source: Loshin, D. (2012). Data Governance and Quality: Data Reuse vs. Data Repurposing. The Practitioner's Guide to Data Quality Improvement.

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers…

Data silos arise legally if it is not possible to combine data from different sources, due to incompatible licensing.

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

Source: Lämmerhirt, D. (2017)…

People or organisations that use data made available by data providers

ELISE Resources: Evaluation of Application Programming Interfaces for INSPIRE

Digital Government refers to the use of digital technologies, as an integrated part of governments’ modernisation strategies, to create public value. It relies on a digital government ecosystem comprised of government actors, non-governmental organisations, businesses, citizens’ associations and individuals which supports the production of and access to data, services and content through…

A business-driven framework that allows a community of partners, providers and consumers to share, extend or enhance digital processes and capabilities for the benefit of all stakeholders involved through a common digital technology system [Moyer, 2016].

Source: Moyer, K.R. (2016). Three Styles of Digital Business Platforms. Gartner Research, 12 October 2016, ID G00317581

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The change process associated with the application of digital technology in all aspects of human society.

The process covers renovating or optimising core IT and business services to enhance the existing business model and support digital business transformational opportunities.

ELISE Resources: Digital Platform for public…

Digital  twins  create  a virtual  replica  of  a  physical  product,  process  or  system.  The replica  can  for  example  predict  when  a  machine  will  fail,  based  on  data  analysis, which allows to increase productivity through predictive maintenance.

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The digital twin of government provides an ecosystem with an interface for government, industry and non-government organisations to work together in delivering a sustainable, intelligent place to live and work through improved societal outcomes.

Disruptive technology is an innovation that significantly alters the way that consumers, industries, or businesses operate. A disruptive technology sweeps away the systems or habits it replaces because it has attributes that are recognizably superior (…)

Recent disruptive technology examples include e-commerce, online news sites, ride-sharing apps, and GPS systems

Source:…

A distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a technology that facilitates an expanding, chronologically ordered list of cryptographically signed, irrevocable transactional records shared by all participants in a network. Any participant with the right access rights can trace back a transactional event, at any point in its history, belonging to any actor in the network. The technology stores…

A public sector process can be defined as a set of related activities which transform a certain input of resources (e.g. a (spatial) dataset, a register, statistical data) into an output of products or services (e.g. a decision, a permit or an answer), which often are delivered to citizens, businesses or other administrations.

Is the use of electronic information and communication technologies in order to involve citizens and businesses in the activities of government and the public administrations, as well as facilitating interaction between administrations (ISA, 2015).

Is the use by the governments of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better…

Are single or multiple words describing a theory, method, technology, solution, service ...

They are well-defined and/or described, might have an acronym and are used consistently throughout one or more ELISE resources.

ELISE Resources: Towards a semantic-based Knowledge Transfer approach

ELISE Webinar:…

Is the working dataset collecting all the metadata of all the ELISE resources (own definition).

ELISE Resources: Towards a semantic-based Knowledge Transfer approach

ELISE Webinar…

Any output/result from ELISE activities under the ELISE Action. Examples are reports, videos, webinar presentations, infographics, tools, etc.

ELISE Resources: Towards a semantic-based Knowledge Transfer approach

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Is everything that exists in the context of ELISE, especially all the resources and their content that describe the ELISE Action (own definition)

ELISE Resources: Towards a semantic-based Knowledge Transfer approach

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A European ‘location interoperability framework’ with recommendations and guidance for the exchange and use of location information in government policy and digital public services, allied closely to the interoperability principles and scope of the EIF

ELISE Resources: The EULF Blueprint – Its role and how to use it

Vision and framework for 'location-enabled government', based on applying good practice in a number of 'focus areas'. It identifies the objectives, transition strategy and high-level actions needed in each focus area.

ELISE Resources: LIFO: Location Interoperability…

“…aims to provide guidance and to define priority of the actions needed to improve interaction, exchange and cooperation among European public administrations across borders and across sectors for the delivery of European public services”

ELISE Resources: INSPIRE training: From INSPIRE to e-Government

A European public service comprises any public sector service exposed to a cross-border dimension and supplied by public administrations, either to one another or to businesses and citizens in the Union.

ELISE Resources: European Gazetteer - survey analysis

An EU-wide, cross-sector interoperability framework for the exchange and sharing of location data and services. It consists of a package of recommendations, guidance, methodologies, case studies, training, pilots and collaborative action required by public administrations and stakeholder communities to facilitate the free flow of location data and ensure its effective use in e-government…

Refers to the ever-evolving concept of a Spatial Data Infrastructure, which entails new ways of governance of SDIs, new ways of documenting and accessing the data, new technical interfaces, etc. (own definition)

ELISE Resources: Location Interoperability – Lessons learned from the ELISE Action

Extended reality is a term referring to all real and virtual combined environments and human machine interactions generated by computer technology and wearables. The X represents a variable for any current or future spatial computing technologies

ELISE Resources: Immersive realities and location for better public services

Directory of instances of a class or classes of features containing some information regarding position

Source: International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 19112:2019 Geographic information — Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers.

ELISE Resources: …

GeoAI, is the use of artificial intelligence methods, including machine learning and deep learning, to produce knowledge through the analysis of spatial data and imagery. Positioning technologies are being positively affected by AI, affecting industries such as logistics and navigation systems (ex: processing millions of GPS points in (near)real-time).

ELISE Resources: …

A list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with their definitions

ELISE Resources: ELISE Webinar: Improving knowledge transfer across organisations by knowledge graph

Defines the decision rights and accountabilities empowering the set of rules concerning who gets to participate in the platform and its ecosystem, how to divide the value, and how to resolve conflicts.

ELISE Resources: …

Innovate means to make changes in something established, especially by introducing new methods, ideas, or products (Oxford).

Source: UK English Dictionary, powered by Oxford Lexico

Innovation management is a business discipline that aims to drive a repeatable, sustainable innovation process or culture within an…

Data used in a novel manner in reference to an organization, a sector or a policy

ELISE Resources: Leveraging the Power of Location Information and Technologies to Improve Public Services at the Local Level

Refers to activities aimed at developing and testing solutions to these institutional barriers, specifically on best practices and policies for Business to Government (B2G) data sharing, such as incentives, contracts and partnerships to acquire private sector data

ELISE Resources: Regional and local data-driven innovation through…

Common services and generic tools facilitating cooperation between disparate and diverse organisations, either autonomously funded and developed under the ISA2 programme or developed in cooperation with other Union initiatives, based on identified requirements of European public administrations.

ELISE Resources: European Gazetteer…

The most frequently accessed and sometimes mandatory public services which are delivered with the extensive use of ICT, e.g. registration of land and property, health and welfare, civil status registration, transport, environmental protection, energy production and distribution, public safety, transport, public education etc. National legislation may define which services must be considered…

Is the process by which an enterprise gathers, organises, shares, and analyses its knowledge in a way that is easily accessible to employees. This knowledge includes technical resources, frequently asked questions, training documents and people skills.

Source: Amsler, S. (2020). Knowledge Management (KM). In Enterprise Content Management Guide…

Knowledge transfer is the complex process of disseminating knowledge from one individual, team, or organisation to another in order to, for example, solve problems, foster innovation, or increase efficiency.

ELISE Resources: …

Any agreement, including licence agreements, contracts and exchanges of e-mails or any other arrangement on access by (Data-sharing IR)

A set of requests/permissions to users of a Work, e.g. a copyright license, the public domain, information for distributors [CC REL]

The Semantic Web is a Web of Data — of dates and titles and part numbers and chemical properties and any other data one might conceive of. The collection of Semantic Web technologies (RDF, OWL, SKOS, SPARQL, etc.) provides an environment where application can query that data, draw inferences using vocabularies, etc.

ELISE Resources: …

Location Data Privacy is the individual’s right not to be subjected to unauthorised collection, aggregation, processing and distribution (including selling) of his location data . It is the right to be protected by the ability to conceal information of whereabouts, which can be derived from personal location data

ELISE Resources: …

They consist of a set of vocabularies, registries, tools and solutions to support location interoperability (own definition)

ELISE Resources: Lessons learned from the ELISE Action. Where next?

Decisions on interoperability frameworks, institutional arrangements, organisational structures, roles and responsibilities, policies, agreements and other aspects of ensuring and monitoring interoperability at national and EU levels (own definition)

ELISE Resources: Lessons learned from the ELISE Action. Where next?

Concerns the innovation, technological and non-technological, in the context of digital government in which location data and technologies are a key element (own definition)

ELISE Resources: Lessons learned from the ELISE Action. Where next?

Public services provided by public authorities which depend on effective management or use of location information.

Their location component is essential to create value. It refers to services that regularly use location-enabled technologies and to the ones that make an innovative use of them.

ELISE Resources: …

Geospatial technologies embedded into the solution to deliver services to the stakeholders.

The focus is both on data and technology.

ELISE Resources: Leveraging the Power of Location Information and Technologies to Improve Public Services at the Local Level

Is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed

ELISE Resources: 

ELISE Resources: Study on Opportunities and Challenges of Collaboration for Geospatial Services

File format structured so that software applications can easily identify, recognize and extract specific data, including individual statements of fact, and their internal structure.



 

Source: Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June…

Information describing Geospatial data sets and Geospatial data services or products, making it possible to discover, inventory and use them.

Source: Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the…

Are the minimal common technical ground needed in a global market for IoT-enabled services for cities and communities

Source: OACities. Minimal Interoperability Mechanisms - MIMs.

Mixed Reality is a blend of physical and digital worlds , unlocking the links between human,  computer, and environment interaction. This new reality is based on advancements in computer vision , graphical processing power, display technology, and input systems.

Source: Microsoft (2021).…

Web services provided in internet

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

An ontology is a formal specification of a shared conceptualization. In the context of computer and information sciences, an ontology defines a set of representational primitives with which to model a domain of knowledge or discourse.

Ontologies are considered one of the pillars of the Semantic Web, although there exist many definitions.

Source: …

Datasets that can be freely used, shared and built-on by anyone, anywhere, for any purpose.

This is the summary of the Open Definition which the Open Knowledge Foundation created in 2005 to provide both a succinct explanation and a detailed definition of open data

Source: Open Knowledge Foundation (OKNF). What is open?

ELISE…

Governing doctrine, which holds that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction it opposes reason of state and other considerations, which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy.

ELISE Resources: …

An open licence is a way for the copyright holder (creator or other rightsholder) to grant the general public the legal permission to use their work. The applied open licence is usually indicated directly on the work and wherever the work is shared. As in the case of other licences, open licences do not imply a transfer of copyright or other intellectual property rights. Someone granting an…

The way in which public administrations align their business processes, responsibilities and expectations to achieve commonly agreed and mutually beneficial goals.

ELISE Resources: The role of Organisational Interoperability in the context of Geospatial and Digital Government Transformation

Is a long-lasting reference to a document, file, web page, or other object.

Source: Wikipedia

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

Any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic,…

Platforms constitute a shared set of technologies, components, services, architecture, and relationships that serve as a common foundation for diverse 4 sets of actors to converge and create value

(a) Any government or other public administration, including public advisory bodies, at national, regional or local level; (b) any natural or legal person performing public administrative functions under national law, including specific duties, activities or services in relation to the environment; and (c) any natural or legal person having public responsibilities or functions, or providing…

Any type of organisation delivering public services, acting within a local or regional territory. Examples include public organizations as municipalities, non-profit organizations, public companies, private sector firms, port authorities, transportation and utility companies.

Source: Brown, K., & Osborne, S. P. (2005). Managing…

Any content whatever its medium (written on paper or stored in electronic form or as a sound, visual or audiovisual recording) when produced by a public sector body within its mandate

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

A service intended to serve all members of a community. It is commissioned by the public sector or delegated/taken up/delivered by others and is a solution that serves a purpose for its stakeholders.

The taxonomy “European taxonomy for public services” developed by ISA2 will inform the project’s activities. According to this taxonomy, public services can be defined as a combination of…

Results of the activities the public sector has achieved.

It is a multi-dimensional concept that embraces several dimensions of value including efficiency, effectiveness, output, quality, responsiveness, democracy that are relevant to the different stakeholders of public services.

ELISE Resources: …

Beliefs and ideologies in the context.

Public values represent a contextual variable that informs the project. Public values should be addressed among the determinants of the external environment in providing recommendations for upscaling and diffusion of location-enabled services.

Official list or reference codes

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

RDF stands for: 1) Resource: Everything that can have a unique identifier (URI), e.g. pages, places, people, dogs, products … 2) Description: attributes, features, and relations of the resources and Framework: model, languages and syntaxes for these descriptions

ELISE Resources: Introduction to Linked Data…

Refers to testing solutions in a safe environment, with a focus on technical and institutional innovations to enable more efficient and effective delivery of public services through data sharing and reuse

ELISE Resources: Overview of the established sandboxes and description of their use

Means a collection of highly reusable metadata or reference data such as code lists, taxonomies, dictionaries or vocabularies which are used for system development

Source: Modern military training

ELISE Resources: Improving knowledge transfer across organisations by…

Semantic interoperability is about the meaning of data elements and the relationship between them. It includes developing a vocabulary to describe data exchanges, and ensures that data elements are understood in the same way by communicating parties (EIF v1.0, ISA, 2004; EIF v2.0, ISA 2011).

ELISE Resources: Architectures and…

Is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web, in which web content can be expressed in a format that can be read and used by software agents, permitting them to find, share and integrate information more easily

ELISE Resources: Introduction to Linked Data

Smart municipalities, cities and regions are places where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital and telecommunication technologies for the benefit of its inhabitants and business.

Social innovations are new social practices that aim to meet social needs in a better way than the existing solutions, resulting from – for example – working conditions, education, community development or health. These ideas are created with the goal of extending and strengthening civil society.

Source: Wikipedia

All actors with an interest/expectation in the need for which the service represents a solution.

ELISE Resources: Leveraging the Power of Location Information and Technologies to Improve Public Services at the Local Level

A United Nations Committee of Experts, established in 2016 as the apex intergovernmental mechanism for making joint decisions and setting directions with regard to the production, availability and use of geospatial information within national, regional and global policy frameworks.

Led by United Nations Member States, UN-GGIM aims to address global challenges regarding the use of…

The United Nations Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF) provides a basis and guide for developing, integrating, strengthening and maximising geospatial information management and related resources in all countries. It will assist countries in bridging the geospatial digital divide and securing socio-economic prosperity, leaving no one behind.

View of the real or hypothetical world that includes everything of interest. (ISO/TC 211 (2014) - ISO 19109:2015(en) Geographic information

Source: ISO/TC 211 (2014) - ISO 19109:2015(en) Geographic information — Rules for application schema.

ELISE Resources: …

Is the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object such as a tool or device. In software engineering, usability is the degree to which a software can be used by specified consumers to achieve quantified objectives with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a quantified context of use.

Source: Wikipedia

Also known as usability or experience obstacles.

´Barriers [and enablers] are properties, situations, or conditions in the product development process, team, or context that negatively [or positively] influence the usability of a product.

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the…

The ability of putting the person or customer at the heart of the process of service

ELISE Resources: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126666

Virtual Reality (VR) refers to a computer generated simulation in which a person can interact within an artificial three dimensional environment using electronic devices, such as special goggles with a screen or gloves fitted with sensors . In this simulated artificial environment, the user is able to have a realistic feeling experience.

Source: …

On the Semantic Web, vocabularies define the concepts and relationships (also referred to as “terms”) used to describe and represent an area of concern.

A Web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network (W3C, 2004).

ELISE Resources: Study of the terms of use applied in the INSPIRE resources and their usability barriers

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